(i)Discuss the concept of hybridization. What are its different types in a carbon atom? (ii) What is the type of hybridisation of carbon atoms marked with star. Comprehension given below is followed by some multiple choice questions. Each question has one correct option. Choose the correct option. Molecular orbitals are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. Two atomic orbitals combine to form two molecular orbitals called bonding molecular orbital (BMO) and anti bonding molecular orbital (ABMO). Energy of anti bonding orbital is raised above the parent atomic orbitals that have combined and the energy of the bonding orbital is lowered than the parent atomic orbitals. Energies of various molecular orbitals for elements hydrogen to nitrogen increase in the order : σσ

Question

(i)Discuss the concept of hybridization. What are its different types in a carbon atom?
(ii) What is the type of hybridisation of carbon atoms marked with star.

Comprehension given below is followed by some multiple choice questions. Each question has one correct option. Choose the correct option.

Molecular orbitals are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. Two atomic orbitals combine to form two molecular orbitals called bonding molecular orbital (BMO) and anti bonding molecular orbital (ABMO). Energy of anti bonding orbital is raised above the parent atomic orbitals that have combined and the energy of the bonding orbital is lowered than the parent atomic orbitals. Energies of various molecular orbitals for elements hydrogen to nitrogen increase in the order :

σσ < σ 1s < σ2s < (π2p_x = π2p_y) < σ2p₂ < σ2p_z < (π 2p_x = π2p_y) < σ 2p_z s ( p p) p ( * p * p) * p < and for oxygen and fluorine order of energy of molecular orbitals is given below :

σls < σ* 1s < σ2s < σ* 2s < σ2p_z < (π2p_x = π2p_y) < (π* 2p_x = π * 2p_y) < σ* 2p_z

Different atomic orbitals of one atom combine with those atomic orbitals of the second atom which have comparable energies and proper orientation. Further, if the overlapping is head on, the molecular orbital is called ‘Sigma’, (σ) and if the overlap is lateral, the molecular orbital is called ‘pi’, (π). The molecular orbitals are filled with electrons according to the same rules as followed for filling of atomic orbitals. However, the order for filling is not the same for all molecules or their ions. Bond order is one of the most important parameters to compare the strength of bonds.

(i) The hybridization is defined as the process of the intermixing of the orbitals of the slightly different or same energy level to form new orbitals of similar shape and energy level. These orbitals are called hybrid orbitals.

The valence shell of an atom is always hybridized and the merging orbitals are of nearly similar energy or same energy.

These orbitals do not form pie bonds.

(a) sp hybridization: This type of hybridization is found in the carbon compounds having triple bond i.e. .

(b) sp² hybridization: This type of hybridization is found in the carbon compounds having a double bond i.e. C=C.

(c) sp³ hybridization: this type of hybridization is found in the carbon compounds having single bonds i.e. C-C.

(ii)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

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Philoid · Accepted Answer