In your view, how successful have popular struggles been in making the state responsive to the social and environmental costs of development? Discuss with examples.

There were several struggles and movements held in past against the severe effect of development.

Example:

Narmada Bachao Andolan against Sardar Sarovar dam construction. At times, the movement stooped the government from raising the height of the dam . This project caused around 1 million of people to displace the region and their livelihood. A great land of forest was submerged. The activists like Medha Patekar claimed for adequate compensation for the people.

Chipko Movement against deforestation was a successful movement against deforestation in Uttrakhand. The people of the region hugged the trees and stopped the contractors from cutting down the trees. Thus it created the awareness all over the country, to save the trees.