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According to the international convention, at which meridian does the day and date change occurs?

The 180° is the International Date Line. The earth rotates 360° in 24 hours, which means 15° in 1 hour. The movement from the prime meridian 0° to 180° (East or West), the time and changes. If the movement is towards the East, the time and date will ahead than Western areas and if the movement is towards the West, the time and date will be behind. The earth moves from west to east, therefore from 0° to east the time will be ahead and from 0° to the west the time will be behind.