Give a quantitative appraisal of India’s demographic profile during the colonial period.

India's demographic profile during colonial period can be summarised as below –

1) High death rate and birth rate: Both death date and birth rate were very high at 40 and 48 per thousand of persons respectively.

2) High infant mortality rate: It was about 18 per thousand of live births.

3) Low life expectancy: It was as low as 32 years.

4) Illiteracy: It was about 83% of total population.

5) Low standard of living: Even after spending 80 to 90% of income on basic necessities people were not able to get adequate quantity of food, shelter and clothing.