Answer in Two or three sentences.

(a) What is dual government?

(b) What is the meaning of commercialization of agriculture?

(c) Why did the industries in India close down?

(a) Robert Clive introduced the system of dual government in Bengal in this system there were two administrative authorities:

The Nizamat (territorial)

This jurisdiction was carried out by the Indian Nawabs who acted as the puppets of the British government

The Diwani (fiscal)

The company acted as the Diwan. Though the states were controlled by the Nizams the real authority still remained in the company’s court.

This system of Diwan and Nizam is called dual administration.

(b) Commercialization refers to the practice where the agriculture is governed by keeping the commercial benefits in mind. The main focus was laid on growing certain specific crops for sale in international market. Commercialization in India began during the British rule in the later part of the 18^th Century.

(c) Industrial revolution was among the main contributors for the for the closing down of industries in India .The goods were manufactured through machines which was cheaper compared to the manual labor in Indian industries also the quality was much better.

Heavy taxation that is high percentage of taxes that was imposed on Indian goods also made them very expensive in the international market also the British rulers forced Indians to produce expensive and beneficial things for themselves.

All this lead to the closing down of Indian industries