How are glasses manufactured? What are the raw materials needed for hard glass and borosilicate glass?

There are different types of glasses. The different constituents are used for their manufactures.

i. Soda lime glass/Soda glass/Soft glass

Constituents used in the manufacture:

a) Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)

b) Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)

c) Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃)

ii. Hard glass

Constituents used in the manufacture:

a) Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)

b) Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃)

c) Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)

iii. Borosilicate glass

Constituents used in the manufacture:

a) Boron oxide (B₂O₃)

b) Aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃)

c) Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)

iv. Find glass/Optical glass/lead glass

Constituents used in the manufacture:

a) Silicon dioxide (SiO₂)

b) Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃)

c) Lead oxide (PbO)

The raw materials needed for hard glass and borosilicate glass are:

For hard glass: Silicon dioxide (SiO₂), potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃), calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)

For borosilicate glass: Boron oxide (B₂O₃), aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃), silicon dioxide (SiO₂)