Write full form of ATP ADP NADP FAD.

The full forms are:

1. ATP = Adenosine tri phosphate

2. ADP = Adinosine dipsosphate

3. NADP = Nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

4. FAD = Flavin adenine dininucleotide.

ATP & ADP

Cells use a molecule called Adenosine Triphosphate (or ATP) as an energy source. The phosphates in this molecule can supply energy to substrates in our cells. Enzymes exist in our cells that can remove a phosphate from ATP and attach it to a different molecule-usually a protein. When this happens, we say that the protein has been phosphorylated. Think of the third phosphate as being a little sack of energy. When it is transferred to a protein, this energy can be used to do something. For example, in figure, the protein changes its shape when it becomes phosphorylated. When proteins change their shape, we often call this a conformational change to the protein structure. There are many proteins in the body that use a phosphate from ATP to induce a conformational change. This shifting of the protein shape ultimately allows for things like muscle contraction, cell mobility, membrane transport, and enzyme action. Cells and life exist only if a consistent and steady supply of ATP is available.

The image represents the chemical structure of ATP. ATP includes a nitrogenous base called adenine joined to a 5 carbon sugar called ribose and 3 phosphate groups.

ATP is used to phosphorylate a protein. An enzyme, called a kinase removes a phosphate from ATP and facilitates a bond between the phosphate and some other protein. The bonding of a phosphate to a protein in this manner is called phosphorylation. The phosphate bone with the protein has higher energy. Notice that phosphorylation uses this energy to cause a conformational change of the protein shape.

FAD

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) is a coenzyme involved in reversible oxidation and reduction reactions. It is often stated that these compounds are electron carriers because they accept electrons (become reduced) during catabolic steps in the breakdown of organic molecules such as carbohydrates and lipids. Then, these reduced coenzymes can donate these electrons to some other biochemical reaction normally involved in a process that is anabolic (like the synthesis of ATP).

NADP

NADP⁺ is a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH, or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. NADP⁺ is created in anabolic reactions, or reaction that builds large molecules from small molecules. NADPH donates the hydrogen (H) and associated electrons, oxidizing the molecule to create NADP⁺. This molecule is typically at a lower concentration than its counterpart NADPH, which favors the release of the hydrogen and electron from NADPH.

NADP⁺ functions alongside many enzymes to provide energy to the many reactions in a cell. NADP⁺ is the used form of NADPH, and must be reduced with more electrons and hydrogen. This is typically done during photosynthesis in plants, or as part of sugar digestion in animals. The release of energy from the bonds of sugar, or the input of energy from the sun, allows the cells of these organisms to bind hydrogen with two electrons to NADP⁺, creating NADPH which can move this energy, electrons, and hydrogen to a new reaction within the cell.