Choose the correct options.

• Democratic and nationalist movements assumed that a nation has a ___________ (shared history; shared culture; shared economy; all the above; none of the above)

• Jacobin clubs were established in different countries by ________________ (peasants; royalty; middle class; army)

• During the mid-18th century the land was owned by ___________ and cultivated by ____________ (middle-class, army, aristocrats, tenants)

• Democratic and nationalist movements assumed that a nation has an all the above.

Explanation: At the beginning of the chapter, in the first passage, it has been stated – “ The democratic and nationalist movements sought to establish powerful states which were based on the active participation of citizens who felt that they shared a common history, culture, and economic life.” Thus, it is safe to say that ‘all of the above’ is the correct option for the given blank.

• Jacobin clubs were established in different countries by peasants.

Explanation: Jacobin clubs were established as a refuge for the radical democracy thinkers. The city poor and the peasants were the ones responsible for bringing about the Revolution and under the Jacobin constitution, all people were given the right to vote and the right of insurrection. This leads us to the answer that it was the peasants who established these clubs not only as a refuge but also to spread their views and political ideologies.

• During the mid-18th century the land was owned by aristocrats and cultivated by tenants.

Explanation: Mid-18^th Century saw several peasant revolts. This was a direct result of food shortages and widespread unemployment. Food shortages, in turn, resulted because of the hoarding practices by the landed gentry who would rent out their holdings in lieu of food supply leaving only a small amount for consumption and sale by the actual farmers and peasants of the land.