Collect information about various modern treatments on heart diseases.

The cardiovascular or circulatory system supplies the body with blood. It consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. As can be expected from an organ responsible for getting blood throughout the body, the root of heart disease is when that blood flow is blocked.

Heart disease, or cardiovascular disease, encompasses a range of conditions, including blood vessel diseases such as coronary artery disease, problems with heart rhythm (arrhythmias) and congenital heart defects.

Coronary artery disease is the most common type of heart disease. It occurs when cholesterol builds up in arteries — called plaque — narrowing the space blood can flow through, a condition called atherosclerosis.

Ultimately, the narrowing can build up enough to cause chest pain and shortness of breath — called angina, or it can block the vessel completely, causing a heart attack. Heart attacks can also be caused by the rupture of a plaque that causes a blockage of the blood vessels.

Other forms of heart disease can be caused by weak heart muscle, heart infections, or diseases of the heart valves.

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the type of condition the person has.

Options include:

● lifestyle adaptations, such as weight control, exercise, quitting smoking, and dietary changes

● medication, for example, to reduce LDL cholesterol

● surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

● cardiac rehabilitation, including exercise and counseling

Treatment aims to:

● relieve symptoms

● reduce the risk of the condition recurring or worsening

● prevent complications

Depending on the condition, it may also aim to stabilize heart rhythms, reduce blockages, and widen the arteries to enable a better flow of blood

Some of the interventions are:

1. Angioplasty and Stents

Angioplasty is a procedure that uses very little cutting to open blocked heart arteries. Stents can be put in during angioplasty.

2. Heart Bypass Surgery

This can treat heart disease when your coronary arteries are blocked. Your doctor may treat the problem by giving the blood a new pathway to the heart.

3. Valve Disease Treatment

When your heart valve disease needs attention, it can be treated by traditional surgery or by balloon valvuloplasty, which doesn't require as much cutting.

4. Pacemakers

It’s a small device that sends electrical impulses to the heart muscle to keep up a suitable heart rate and rhythm. A pacemaker may also treat fainting spells (syncope), congestive heart failure, and hypertrophic cardio-myopathy.

5. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICD)

An ICD, or implantable cardioverter defibrillator, can treat abnormal heart rhythms.

6. Lead Extraction

That’s removal of one or more leads from inside the heart. Leads that are placed outside the heart during open heart surgery cannot be removed by this procedure.

7. Heart Transplant

A person's diseased heart is replaced with a healthy donor's heart. A donor is a person who has died and whose family has agreed to donate their loved one's organs.