(i) On the given outline political map of India locate and label the following with appropriate symbols:

(a) Ajmer, a territory under Mughals.

(b) Gwalior, a centre of the Revolt of 1857.

(ii) On the same map three places related to the mature Harappan sites have been marked as A, B, C. Identify them and write their names correctly on the lines drawn near them.

Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Irrigating trees and fields

This is an excerpt from the Baburnama that describes the irrigation devices the emperor observed in Northern India:

The greater part of Hindustan country is situated on level land. Many thought its towns and cultivated lands are, it nowhere has running waters … For … water is not at all a necessity in cultivating crops and orchards. Autumn crops grow by the downpour of the rains themselves; and strange it is that spring crops grow even when no rains fall. (However) to young trees, water is made to flow by means of buckets or wheels …. In Lahore, Dipalpur (both in present-day Pakistan) and those other parts, people water by means of a wheel. They make two circles of rope long enough to suit the depths of the well, fix strips of wood between them, and on these fasten pitchers. The ropes with the wood and attached pitchers are put over the wheel-well. At one end of the wheel axle a second wheel is fixed, and close to it another on an upright axle. The last wheel the bullock turns; its teeth catch in the teeth of the second (wheel), and thus the wheel with the pitchers is turned. A trough is set where the water empties from the pitchers and from this the water is conveyed everywhere. In Agra, Chandwar, Bayana (all in present-day Uttar Pradesh) and those parts again, people water with a bucket … At the well-edge they set up a fork of wood, having a roller adjusted between the forks, tie a rope to a large bucket, put the rope over a roller, and tie its other end to the bullock. One person must drive the bullock, another empty the bucket.

(i) Explain the irrigation technology as observed by the Emperor.

(ii) What was the necessity of irrigation?

(iii) Explain any three factors which are responsible for the expansion of agriculture in India.

Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Escaping to the countryside

This is how the famous poet Mirza Ghalib described what the people of Delhi did when the British forces occupied the city in 1857:

Smiting the enemy and driving him before them, the victors (i.e., the British) overran the city in all directions. All whom they found in the street they cut down … For two to three days every road in the city, from the Kashmiri Gate to Chandni Chowk, was a battlefield. Three gates – the Ajmeri, the Turcoman and the Delhi – were still held by the rebels … At the naked spectacle of this vengeful wrath and malevolent hatred the colour fled from men’s faces, and a vast concourse of men and women … took to precipitate flight through these three gates. Seeking the little villages and shrines outside the city, they drew breath to wait until such time as might favour their return.

(i) Who was Mirza Ghalib? What did he describe?

(ii) Why did British attack Delhi? Give two reasons.

(iii) How did the people escape from Delhi and where did they take shelter?

The following questions are for the visually impaired candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 17.

(i) Mention any one territory under the Mughals.

(ii) Name any one centre of the Revolt of 1857 from Madhya Pradesh.

(iii) Mention any three mature Harappan sites.

Explain how different methods of irrigation were developed for agriculture in the Harappan sites.