Give reasons:
(a) n-Butyl bromide has higher boiling point than t-Butylbromide.
(b) Racemic mixture is optically inactive.
(c) The presence of nitro(-NO2) at o/p positions increases the reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution reactions.
(a) n-Butyl bromide is a linear chain alkyl halide, so has larger surface area and stronger intermolecular interactions leading to higher boiling point. While t-Butylbromide is a branched alkyl halide with smaller surface area and weaker intermolecular interactions hence has a lower boiling point.
(b) A racemic mixture contains ‘d’ and ‘l’ forms of enantiomers in equal amounts, thereby cancelling the optical activity of one enantiomer with the rotation of other enantiomer. Although racemic mixture consists 2 individually active enantiomers, both together null the effect as they have equal but opposite optical rotations. Hence racemic mixture is optically inactive.
(c) Nitro(-NO2) group is an electron withdrawing group, so decreases the electron density in the benzene ring making it more susceptible for nucleophilic attack. Electron density in ortho and para positions of haloarenes is high due to resonance, but presence of nitro(-NO2) group at those positions decreases the electron density leading to electron deficiency and attracting electron rich species.
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