A liquid X of colour Y circulates in the human body only in one direction : from body tissues to the heart.

Among other things, liquid X contains germs from cells and dead cells. The liquid X is cleaned of germs and dead cells by a special type of white blood cells called Z. This cleaned liquid is then put into blood circulatory system in subclavian veins.

(a) What is (i) liquid X, and (ii) colour Y ?

(b) What are Z ?

(c) The liquid X is somewhat. similar to a component of blood. Name this component.

(d) Why is liquid X not red ? .

The liquid connective tissue A circulates in our body continuously without stopping. This tissue contains a pigment B which imparts it a colour C. The tissue A consists of four components D, E, F and G. The component D fights infection and protects us from diseases. The component E helps in the clotting of tissue A if a person gets a cut. The component F is a liquid which consists mainly of water with many substances dissolved in it and component G carries oxygen from the lungs to all the parts of the body.

(a) What is (i) tissue A (ii) pigment B, and (iii) colour C ?

(b) Name (i) D (ii) E (iii) F, and (iv) G.

(c) Name one substance (other than oxygen) which is transported by tissue A in the human body.

(d) Which two components of tissue A are the cells without nucleus ?

(e) Name any two organisms (animals) which do not have liquid like A in their body.

The human body has an organ A which acts as a double pump. The oxygenated blood coming from the lungs through a blood vessel B enters the upper left chamber C of the double pump. When chamber C contracts, then blood goes into lower left chamber D. The contraction of chamber D forces the blood to go into a blood vessel E which supplies oxygenated blood to all the organs of the body (except the lungs). The deoxygenated blood coming out of the body organs is taken by a blood vessel F to the right upper chamber G of pumping organ. Contraction of Chamber G forces the deoxygenated blood into right lower chamber H. And finally the contraction of chamber H sends the deoxygenated blood into lungs through a blood vessel I.

(a) What is organ A ?

(b) Name the blood vessel (i) B (ii) E (iii) F, and (iv) I.

(c) What are chambers (i) C, and (i) D?

(d) What are chambers (i) G and (ii) H ?

There is a pair of bean-shaped organs P in the human body towards the back, just above the waist. A waste product Q formed by the decomposition of unused proteins in the liver is brought into organ P through blood by an artery R. The numerous tiny filters S present in organ P clean the dirty blood by removing the waste product Q. The clean blood goes into circulation through a vein T. The waste substance Q other waste salts, and excess water form a yellowish liquid U which goes from organ P into a bag-like structure V

through two tubes W. This liquid is then thrown out of the body through a tube X.

(a) What is (i) organ P, and (ii) waste substance Q ?

(b) Name (i) artery R; and (ii) vein T.

(c) What are tiny filters S known as?

(d) Name (i) liquid U (ii) structure V (iii) tubes W, and (iv) tube X.

The organs A of a person have been damaged completely due to which too much of a poisonous waste material B has started accumulating in his blood, making it dirty. In order to save this person's life, the blood from an artery in the person's arm is made to flow into long tubes made of substance E which are

kept in coiled form in a tank containing solution F. This solution contains three materials G, H and I in similar proportions to those in normal blood. As the person's blood passes through long tubes of substance E, most of the wastes present in it go into solution. The clean blood is then put back into a vein in the arm of the person for circulation.

(a) What are organs A ?

(b) Name the waste substance B.

(c) What are (i) E, and (ii) F ?

(d) Name G, H and I.

(e) What is the process described above known as?