A cylindrical structure P in our body begins in continuation with medulla and extends downwards. It is enclosed in a bony cage Q and surrounded by membranes R. As many as x pairs of nerves arise from the structure P. The structure P is involved in the reflex actions of our body and conduction of nerve impulses to and from another organ S of our body with which it forms CNS.

(a) Name the structure P.

(b) Name (i) bony cage Q, and (ii) membranes R.

(c) How much is x?

(d) Name the organ S.

(e) What are the reflexes involving structure P only known as?

The gland X which is located just below the brain in the human head secretes a chemical substance Y which controls the development of bones and muscles in the body of a person. Secretion of too little of substance Y as well as the secretion of too much of substance Y by the gland X leads to abnormal development of the body of a person.

(a) Name the gland X.

(b) What is the chemical substance Y?

(c) What happens if too little of substance Y is secreted?

(d) What happens if too much of substance Y is secreted?

(e) Name the system of glands in the human body of which gland X is a part.

A and B are the two systems of control and coordination in the human body. The messages in system A are transmitted in the form of chemical substances C which travel comparatively slowly through the blood stream. The substances C are made in tissues D present in the head and trunk of human body. The messages in system B are transmitted very quickly in the form of electrical impulses through fibres E. The effect of messages transmitted by system B usually lasts for a much shorter time as compared to those transmitted by system A.

(a) Name the system A. What does system A consist of?

(b) Name the chemical substance C.

(c) What is tissue D? Name any five such tissues in the human body.

(d) Name the system B. What does system B consist of?

(e) Name the fibres E.

(f) State whether system A controls the working of system B or system B controls the working of system A.

The pancreas is made up of two parts A and B. The part A secretes insulin whereas part B secretes pancreatic juice.

(a) Which part is functioning as an endocrine gland? Why?

(b) What is insulin and what effect does it have in the body?

(c) Name the disease which can be treated by giving insulin injections.

(d) What does pancreatic juice contain? Where does pancreatic juice go?

(e) Name the life process in which pancreatic juice is made use of.

The gland A is attached to the wind pipe in the human body. The gland A makes and secretes a hormone B which controls the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body. The non-metal element C is necessary for the formation of hormone B. The deficiency of C in the diet can cause a deficiency of hormone B in the body leading to a disease D in which the neck of a person appears to be swollen. People are advised to use salt E in cooking food so as to avoid disease D.

(a) Name (i) gland A, and (ii) hormone B

(b) What is the element C?

(c) Name one type of food which can provide sufficient C in the diet of a person.

(d) Name (i) disease D, and (ii) salt E.