(a) Give three reasons why modulation of a message signal is necessary for long distance transmission.

(b) Show graphically an audio signal, a carrier wave and an amplitude modulated wave.

(a) A student wants to use two p-n junction diodes to convert alternating current into direct current. Draw the labelled circuit diagram she would use and explain how it works.

(b) Give the truth table and circuit symbol for NAND gate.

Draw the typical input and output characteristics of an n-p-n transistor in CE configuration. Show how these characteristics can be used to determine (a) the input resistance (r_i), and (b) current amplification factor (β).

The teachers of Geeta’s school took the students on a study trip to a power generating station, located nearly 200 km away from the city. The teacher explained that electrical energy is transmitted over such a long distance to their city, in the form of alternating current (ac) raised to a high voltage. At the receiving end in the city, the voltage is reduced to operate the devices. As a result, the power loss is reduced. Geeta listened to the teacher and asked questions about how the ac is converted to a higher or lower voltage.

(a) Name the device used to change the alternating voltage to a higher or lower value. State one cause for power dissipation in this device.

(b) Explain with an example, how power loss is reduced if the energy is transmitted over long distances as an alternating current rather than a direct current.

(c) Write two values each shown by the teachers and Geeta.

(a) Define electric flux. Is it a scalar or a vector quantity ?

A point charge q is at a distance of d/2 directly above the centre of a square of side d, as shown in the figure. Use Gauss’ law to obtain the expression for the electric flux through the square.

(b) If the point charge is now moved to a distance ‘d’ from the centre of the square and the side of the square is doubled, explain how the electric flux will be affected.

OR

(a) Use Gauss’ law to derive the expression for the electric field (E) due to a straight uniformly charged infinite line of charge density λ C/m.

(b) Draw a graph to show the variation of E with perpendicular distance r from the line of charge.

(c) Find the work done in bringing a charge q from perpendicular distance r₁ to r₂ (r₂ > r₁).