Describe the development of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements.

Non-Cooperation Movement:

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre is also known as the “Amritsar massacre” was the main reason for the Non-cooperation movement. Under the command of Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, the military fired rifles into the crowdof unarmed Indian civilians (men, women and children) who had gathered in the temple and this resulted in almost 1500 were injured and 1000 common people were dead. This cruel act led Mahatma Gandhiji to start the Non-cooperation movement in August 1920 with an aim to Surrender all British titles, renouncing honorary offices, Withdrawing of students from government schools and colleges, Boycott of British courts, Boycott of civil services like army and police, Non–payment of taxes, Boycott of elections and Boycott of foreign goods.

Khilafat movements:

After World War I, the Turkish empire was collapsed in Istanbul. The British and French who took control of the Istanbul suppressed Ottoman Caliphate. Among the Muslims, the Ottoman Caliphate is their spiritual centre. The Khilafat movement is a pan-Islamic movement in India to stand against the British to preserve the Ottoman Caliphate. This movement started in 1919 and lasted until 1924. Mahatma Gandhiji led the Khilafat movement in India along with India Muslims and Hindus to stand against the British.