A cyclotron’s oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the operating magnetic field for accelerating protons? If the radius of its ‘dees’ is 60 cm, calculate the kinetic energy (in MeV) of the proton beam produced by the accelerator.

With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of a junction diode as a full wave rectifier. Draw its input and output waveforms. Which characteristic property makes the junction diode suitable for rectification?

A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length L and diameter D. How is the drift velocity, v_d, of charge carriers in the conductor affected when (i) V is halved, (ii) L is doubled and (iii) D is halved? Justify your answer in each case.

In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits are separated by a distance of 1 �5 mm and the screen is placed 1 m away from the plane of the slits. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths 650 nm and 520 nm is used to obtain interference fringes. Find

the distance of the third bright fringe for λ = 520 nm on the screen from the central maximum.

the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide.

(a) The figure shows the plot of binding energy (BE) per nucleon as a function of mass number A. The letters A, B, C, D and E represent the positions of typical nuclei on the curve. Point out, giving reasons, the two processes (in terms of A, B, C, D and E), one of which can occur due to nuclear fission and the other due to nuclear fusion.

(b) Identify the nature of the radioactive radiations emitted in each step of the decay process given below.