How does Mendel's experiment show that traits are inherited independently?

Mendel's experiments show that the

(a) The trait can be dominant and recessive. It was proved by the Mendel’s experiment. If we cross pure-bred tall (dominant) pea plant with pure-bred dwarf (recessive) pea plant we will get pea plants of F1generation. If we now self-cross the pea plant of F₁ generation, then we obtain pea plants of F₂ generation. Dwarf plants are not found in F₁ generation but appeared in F₂ generation. In the F₁ generation, the dominant characteristic is Tall which appeared in F₁ progeny but in F₂ generation, presence of two recessive characteristics/ traits, the plants which appeared are dwarf. The ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in F₂ generation is: 3:1.

It proved that dwarfness which was lost in F1 generation, reappeared in F2 generation.

(b) Traits were inherited independently: A cross was made between pure breeding pea plants, one with round and green seeds and the other with wrinkled and yellow seeds. The Phenotype in F₁ progeny is yellow and round shape because they are dominant over green and wrinkled seeds, in F₁ progeny which can be shown as follows:

(c) When F₁ progeny was salted, the following progeny along with the ratio will be obtained:

This proves that traits are inherited independently and made new characteristic combination which was independent of earlier.