Q23 of 29 Page 1

Describe any three operations (military actions) launched by the US which proved and established its supremacy as a Hard Power.

OR


Describe any three points of conflict between India and Pakistan.

The word Hegemony implies leadership one state/nation. The major reason for US hegemony is its hard power i.e. its strong military regime.

1. The military dominance of US is both absolute and relative. That means its military troops are so much capacity that it can reach any part of the planet. No other military power in the world can match its superiority.


2. The US invaded Iraq and more than 40 nations joined the coalition despite the fact that UN was against the invasion. Thus no country could deny the US due to its superiority.


3. US expenditure on its military capabilities is highest in the world. It has strengthened its military research, innovation, and technology.


OR


India and Pakistan are into frequent disagreements since the country partitioned from India in 1947.


The problems between the nations are:


1. Kashmir issue: This is the major bone of contention. India claims Pakistan to be its integral territory as it was aceeded into India, but Pakistan refuses to accept this. The war happened twice during 1965 and 1971, but still, the issue remains unresolved.


2. Pakistan has been always blamed by the Indian government for helping Kashmir militants with arms and rising violence in the region.


3. Strategic issue related to controlling of Siachin Glacier and acquisition of arms. India did the nuclear test from Pokhran and soon after that Pakistan responded by carrying out a nuclear test in Chagai hills.


4. The Pakistani spy agency ISI has been blamed for its involvement into anti India campaigns.


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21

For Visually impaired:

(1) In which State did Jallianwalla Bagh massacre take place ?


(2) In which State was the ‘Amul’ Milk Dairy Cooperative Movement started ?


(3) Name the State which was created in the year 2000.


(4) Name the State in the East of India which came into existence due to bifurcation at the time of partition in 1947.


(5) Which two States were the most benefitted by the Green Revolution ?

 22

What is meant by ‘Shock Therapy’? Explain any four consequences of Shock Therapy.

OR


Explain the idea of New International Economic Order (NIEO) for the development of Least Developed Countries (LDCs). Highlight any three reforms proposed by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in 1972 to improve the global trading system.

 24

Examine the six reforms proposed as criteria for new permanent and non-permanent members of the U.N. Security Council.

OR


Analyze any three broad components of the security strategy of India

 25

Describe any three major reasons that led to the declaration of Emergency in 1975.

OR


Describe any four steps taken by Indira Gandhi to implement the ‘Garibi Hatao’ Programme.