Q8 of 29 Page 1

How have historians provided new insight into the subsistence strategies of the Harappan culture ? Explain.

OR


Explain the contribution of John Marshall in Indian Archaeology.


In the mature Harappan sites historians have found that harappans ate wide variety of plants, animal products and fish. In many sites they have found charred grains and seeds of wheat, barley, rice, chickpea. Bones of goats and cows are also, found indicating that they were domesticated. And there also, bones of fish and fowl found.


OR


John Marshall was the Director-General of ASI and he had a major contribution in Indian Archaeology. He discovered a new civilisation in Indus valley to the world. He was the first professional archaeologist to come and work in India and was keen on finding items related to everyday life. His way of excavating through horizontal units also, made it possible to find artefacts located in different units.


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‘‘François Bernier’s description influenced Western theorists from the eighteenth century onwards.’’ Justify the statement.

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Critically examine the British policy of annexation in Awadh.

OR


Examine how art and literature presented Rani Laxmibai as a heroic figure of the revolt of 1857.


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Why is the sixth century BCE often regarded as a major turning point in early Indian history ? Explain.

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‘‘Different ideas, sculptures and temples developed in the Puranic Hinduism from c. 600 BCE – 600 CE.’’ Substantiate the statement.

OR


‘‘Art historians had to acquire familiarity with hagiographies of the Buddha in order to understand Buddhist sculpture.’’ Explain the statement with the sculptural features.