Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :

The movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand when the forest department refused permission to the villagers to fell ash trees for making agricultural tools. However, the forest department allotted the same patch of land to a sports manufacturer for commercial use. This enraged the villagers and they protested against the move of the government. The struggle soon spread across many parts of the Uttarakhand region. Larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation of the region were raised.

(i) Identify the popular movement which is being referred to in the given passage. What was the novel aspect of this movement?

(ii) Which issues of ecological and economic exploitation were raised in this movement?

(iii) Highlight the achievements of this movement.

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :

An emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics. One reason is that there are differing viewpoints about the need to declare an emergency. Another reason is that using the powers given by the Constitution, the government practically suspended democratic functioning. As the investigations by the Shah Commission after the Emergency found out, there were many ‘excesses’ committed during the Emergency. Finally, there are varying assessments of what the lessons of Emergency care for the practice of democracy in India.

(i) How far do you agree with the fact that during Emergency, the government practically suspended the democratic functioning also? Give any one example to support your answer.

(ii) Highlight any two lessons of Emergency which may be helpful for the practice of democracy in India.

OR

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :

In light of these events, the response of the government was to declare a state of Emergency. On 25th June 1975, the government declared that there was a threat of internal disturbances and therefore, it invoked Article 352 of the Constitution. Under the provision of this In the article, the government could declare a state of Emergency on grounds of external threat or a threat of internal disturbances. The government decided that a grave crisis had arisen which proclaimed a state of Emergency necessary. Technically speaking, this was within the powers of the government, for our Constitution provides for some special powers to the government once an Emergency is declared.

(i) Analyze the grave crisis that compelled the government to impose a state of emergency in the country.

(ii) Identify the two special constitutional powers which the the government gets once Emergency is proclaimed.

the passage is given below carefully and answer the following questions :

While globalization is not caused by any single factor, technology remains a critical element. There is no doubt that the invention of the telegraph, the telephone, and the microchip in more recent times has revolutionized communication between different parts of the world. When printing initially came into being it laid the basis for the creation of nationalism. So also today, we should expect that technology will affect the way we think of our personal but also our collective lives.

(i) How has technology aided globalization?

(ii) Globalization is a multi-dimensional concept. Justify the statement.

(iii) Give examples of any two events or happenings that have a global impact.

OR

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :

Globalization affects us in our home, in what we eat, drink, wear and indeed in what we think. It shapes what we think are our preferences. The cultural effect of globalization leads to the fear that this process poses a threat to cultures in the world. It does so because globalization leads to the rise of a uniform culture or what is called cultural homogenization. The rise of a uniform culture is not the emergence of a global culture. What we have in the name of a global culture is the imposition of Western culture on the rest of the world. But there are some positive aspects of cultural globalization as well.

(i) How is cultural homogenization different from cultural heterogenization? Explain.

(ii) ‘‘Sometimes external global influences simply enlarge our choices or modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional system.’’ Give three illustrations to prove the statement.

Study the picture given below carefully and answer the following questions :

(i) The given image refers to which policy of India since 1991?

(ii) Explain the significance of this policy as shown in the image above.

(iii) Evaluate India’s role in ASEAN.

Note: The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only, instead of Question No. 20 :

(20.1) What is the full form of ASEAN?

(20.2) Evaluate India’s role in ASEAN.

(20.3) What did the Chinese do to break from their economic stagnation?