Q13 of 53 Page 1

Write one chemical equation to represent each of the following types of reactions of organic substances:

(i) Esterification


(ii) Saponification


(iii) Substitution

(i) Esterification is defined as the chemical reaction of Ethanol with ethanoic acid in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid by providing heat results in formation of Ester i.e. Ethyl ethanoate.



(ii)Saponification: Saponification is the reaction of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl ethanoate. The Ethyl ethanoate is heated by addition of Sodium hydroxide results in formation of Sodium Ethanoate and Ethanol. Thus reaction is used for making soaps.



(iii) Substitution reactions are the reactions in which one or more hydrogen atoms of hydrocarbon gets substituted with another atoms:



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11

Explain the terms:

(i) Speciation


(ii) Natural selection

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Explain with examples how the following are evidences in favor of evolution in organisms.

(i) Homologous organs


(ii) Analogous organs


(iii) Fossils

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Two elements X and Y belong to group 1 and 2 respectively in the same period of periodic table. Compare them with respect to:

(i) the number of valence electrons in their atoms;


(ii) their valences;


(iii) metallic character;


(iv) the sizes of their atoms;


(v) the formulae of their oxides;


(vi) the formulae or their chlorides.

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Draw the ray diagram and also state the position, the relative size and the nature of image formed by a concave mirror when the object is placed at the center of curvature of the mirror.