How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in the many European States after 1815? Explain with examples.

Or

Explain with examples, how religious groups played an important role in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam.

Revolutionaries spread the idea in Europe after 1815:

1. The autocratic rule after 1815 had caused fear of repression so the liberal-nationalists started to work underground.

2. They formed secret societies to spread ideas and train revolutionaries.

3. Being a revolutionary was a commitment to struggle for liberty and freedom and they considered nation states necessary for it to happen.

4. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary who was a member of a secret society, was exiled for attempting a revolution in Liguria and still formed two other secret societies.

5. Following this model, secret societies were set up in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Poland.

Explanation: Mazzini’s opposition scared the conservatives. The revolutionaries had no choice but work underground yet they were successful.

Or

Religious groups played a role in developing anti-colonial feelings:

1. Spread of Christianity through missionaries made many religious groups hostile. Scholars Revolt of 1868 was led by the officials of the imperial court.

2. Thousands of Catholics were killed in the Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces. Though the French suppressed the movement, many others were inspired.

3. Many anti-colonial movements came up through the local people who followed Confucianism, Buddhism, and local traditions.

4. Hoa Hao movement was led by Huynh Phu So who helped the poor and criticised gambling, the sale of child brides etc.

5. The French authorities called him Mad Bonze, put him into a mental asylum but even the doctors declared he is sane. The colonialists exiled him and his followers to Laos.

Explanation: Even though political parties didn’t get completely engaged with such religious groups, their role in generating anti-colonial feelings was significant.