Q17 of 27 Page 1

Read the passage and answer the following questions:

The growing focus on environmental issues within the arena of global politics was firmly consolidated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992. This was also called the Earth Summit…What was obvious at the Rio summit was the rich and the developed countries of the first world generally referred to as the ‘Global North' were pursuing a different environmental agenda than the poor and the developing countries of the III world called the ‘Global South…The differences in their approach culminated into the adoption of the principle called "Common but differentiated responsibilities”.


a. Why was the environmental concern of the first world different from that of the III world?


b. In what ways the principle of ‘Common but differentiated responsibilities’ helped in addressing and overcoming the


differences between the ‘Global North’ and ‘Global South’?

a. The concerns of the different worlds are varied, in case of the developed countries which is referred to as the global north. They are much more concerned about global warming and ozone layer depletion because they are self-sufficient and therefore they are moving towards the welfare-oriented society.


Whereas, the underdeveloped and developing countries are majorly in need of the self-sufficiency and that too without poverty and scarcity. Therefore the needs of the countries differ from developed to underdeveloped i.e. form I world to III world.


b. The issues raised by the north and south countries were different. The north countries which are developed were raising the issues of environmental problems in which all the countries are equally responsible for ecological conservation.


The global south opined that much of the environmental degradation is contributed by the industrial development undertaken by the developed countries. If they have caused more degradation, they should contribute more to environmental conservation and also developing countries should not be equally liable as the developed countries since their contribution to degradation are less


Thus the special needs of the developing countries must be taken into account in the development, application, and interpretation of rules of international environmental law.


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15

What were the major land reforms initiated by the government of India? Why some of these land reforms became unsuccessful in India?

 16

Highlight the crucial issues over which a broad consensus has emerged amongst different political parties in India.

 18

Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:

The first general election was the first big test of democracy in a poor & illiterate country. Till then democracy had existed only in prosperous countries, mainly in Europe andNorth America, where nearly everyone was literate. By that time, many countries in Europe had not given voting rights to all women. In this context, India's experiment with universal adult franchise appeared to be very bold and risky. An Indian editor called it "the biggest gamble in history". Organiser, a magazine wrote that Jawaharlal Nehru "would live to confess the failure of universal adult franchise in India"…but when the general elections were held it was admired equally by the observers outside India also. TheIndian experiment had proved the critics wrong. In fact, become a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world.


1. How the first general elections of 1952 became a major landmark in the history of democracy all over the world?


2. What problems did election commission confront while holding the first general elections in the country?

 19

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

The Emergency and the period around it can be described as a period of constitutional crisis because it had its origin in the constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the parliament and the Judiciary…The emergency at once brought out both the weaknesses and strengths of Indian democracy. These critical years of emergency taught the most valuable and lasting lessons for the generations to come.


a. On what ground did Indira Gandhi impose National emergency in India?


b. Which two developments further added tensions between Judiciary and executive other than a constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the Parliament and judiciary?


c. State any two important lessons learnt from the emergency period in India.