Explain any five reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control.

OR

How did nationalism emerge in Vietnam? Explain with examples.

Napolean introduced the Civil Code of 1804 in France. It is usually known as the Napoleonic Code. The five reforms introduced by Napoleon in the regions under his control are given below:

a. It did away with all the privileges based on birth and established equality before the law.

b. It secured the right to property.

c. This code was exported to the region under French control in the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany.

d. The administrative division was simplified.

e. The feudal system was abolished which freed the peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

f. The guild restriction was removed in the towns.

g. The transportation and communication system where improved.

h. A national currency was introduced to facilitate the movement and exchange for goods from one capital to another.

I. A standard system of weights and measures was introduced.

OR

The growth of Nationalism in Vietnam can be explained under the following heads:

1. Ho Chi Minh trail :

● The Vietnamese war against the US is an example of how limited resources can be used to their maximum advantage.

● The trail, which was an immense network of footpaths and road was used to transport men and material from the north to the south.

● It transported about 20000 North Vietnamese troops from the north to the South every month.

● It also had support bases and hospitals along the way.

● The supplies were transported in trucks but were mostly carried by porters who were mainly women.

● Most of the trail was outside Vietnam.

● The US-made constant efforts of intensive bombing the trail but failed because they were built very quickly.

1. Women in Vietnam:

● Women in Vietnam enjoyed greater equality especially among the lower classes but they had limited freedom to determine their future and played no role in public life.

● However, with the growth of the Nationalist movement, a new image of women emerged.

● The writers and political thinkers who had previously criticized the social norms began to idealize women.

● In 1930, a famous novel by Nhat Linh caused a scandal because it showed a woman leaving a forced marriage and marrying someone of her own choice who was involved in nationalistic politics.

1. Role of students:

● Students fought against the colonial government against not letting them qualify white-collar jobs.

● They had patriotic feelings and felt that it was the duty of the educated to fight for the benefit of society.

● The traditional elite and the French felt that the position was being threatened and this led to conflict.

● By the 1920s, students formed many political parties such as the party of The Young Annanl and publishing journals such as the Anannese student.

1. Go East Movement:

This was a movement that was formed in the first decade of the 20th century. 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire education. The main objective of to drive out the French from Vietnam and establish the Nguyen dynasty. They appealed to the Japanese who had already modernized themselves and resisted colonization by the West.