Q21 of 43 Page 1

How have biotechnologists effectively used Agrobacterium tumefaciens in plants and retroviruses in animals? Explain.

• In plants the tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumifaciens has been modified into a cloning vector ,which is no more pathogenic to the plants, but is still able to use the mechanisms to deliver genes of our interest into a variety of plants.


• In animals retroviruses have been disarmed and are used to deliver desirable genes into animal cells, once a gene or a DNA fragment has been ligated into a suitable vector.


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Compare the ecological biodiversity existing in India and Norway.

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How does the study of fossils support organic evolution? Explain.

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Strict instructions were given to students going on a school trip to Ladakh that they are expected to stay indoors for the first two days of the trip. Why were such instructions given? Explain.

 26

(a) Explain the process of transcription in a prokaryote.

(b) List only, the two additional complexities observed in the process of transcription in eukaryotes.


OR


(a) Why did T.H. Morgan select Drosophila melanogaster as a specimen for his experiments?


(b) Morgan, in his dihybrid crosses with Drosophila observed deviations in the phenotypic ratio of F2 progeny in comparison to that of Mendel. With the help of a suitable example, explain how his results deviated from that of Mendel.