Differentiate between spermiogenesis and spermiation.

Name the disorder in humans with the following karyotype:

(a) 22 pairs of autosomes + XO

(b) 22 pairs of autosomes + 21st chromosome + XY

If the diploid (2n) number of chromosomes in an angiospermic plant is 16, what will be the number of chromosomes in its endosperm and antipodal cells?

OR

State the reason why pollen grains lose their viability when the tapetum in the anther is malfunctioning.

You are given a tall pea plant and asked to find its genotype. How would you find its genotype? Explain.

Scientists tried to develop a single plant exhibiting the characteristic of tomato and potato by using cells from tomato and potato plants respectively. Name the procedure and list the steps to achieve this.