Explain how the social resources are divided into three forms of capital.

OR

Examine the state and non-state initiatives to address tribe discrimination.

Capital generally refers to financial wealth particularly that is used to start or maintain a business.

According to Pierre Bourdieu social resources can be distinguished between three forms of capital:

1. Economic capital: Economic capital is the amount of capital that a firm (usually in economic services) needs to make certain that the company stays solvent given its risk profile.

Economic capital is divided as financial capital and human capital.

2. Cultural capital: cultural capital includes the social assets of a person (education, intellect, style of speech, style of dress, etc. ) that hold up social mobility in a stratified society.

Cultural capital is divided as embodied capital, objectified capital, and institutionalized capital.

3. Social capital: generally refers to those factors of efficiently functioning social groups that include such things as interpersonal relationships, a mutual logic of identity, a joint understanding, collective norms, united values, trust, teamwork, and reciprocity.

Social capital is divided as bonding social capital, bridging social capital

and linking social capital.

OR

Indigenous (native) people are discriminated based on their religion or social origin. Indigenous or tribal women and men are often discriminated and denied their social, economic, cultural and political rights. Therefore Indian state has formulated special programmes for the Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes since even before Independence.

State and non-state initiatives to prevent tribe discrimination

1. After Independence, the policies for the tribes continued and many amendments were made.

2. Special programmes to the Other Backward Classes began since the early 1990s.

3. The policies against discrimination are popularly known as reservations.

4. Policies help the tribes in setting aside of some places or seats for members of the Scheduled Castes and Tribes in all spheres of public life. ( like jobs, admissions etc)

5. The reservation of seats in the State and Central legislatures; reservation of jobs in government service across all depart and public sector companies and reservation of seats in educational institutions are important among them.

6. The share of reserved seats is decided based on the base of percentage share of the SC and STs in the whole population.

7. The same principle is extended to other developmental programmes of the government which are exclusive to the SC or ST

8. There are a number of laws passed to end, prohibit and punish caste discrimination; especially untouchability also in India.

a) Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 which disallowed the curtailment of rights of citizens due solely to change of religion or caste.

b) The Constitution Amendment Act of 2005 ( became law in 23rd January 2006)

c) The 1850 law and the 2006 amendment related to Backward Classes in institutions of higher education while the 1850 Act (allow entry of Dalits to government schools).

d) The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Prevention of Atrocities Act of 1989.

e) The 1989 Prevention of Atrocities Act ( strengthened the legal provisions punishing acts of violence or humiliation against Dalits and Adivasis)

In the past, social reformations of Jyotiba Phule, Periyar, Ambedkar had contributed to Dalit empowerment in immense ways. Dalits literature (specially Marathi, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi) has an important place in the cultural sphere of India.