Describe any six advantages of popular movements.

OR

What is the social and political composition of Jammu and Kashmir? Describe the roots of ‘Kashmir Issue’ which compelled the India Government to maintain autonomy in this state.

Advantages of popular movements-

a) Ensured effective representation of diverse groups and their demands.

b) Help to reduce the possibility of social conflict.

c) It broadened the idea of participation in Indian democracy.

d) Popular movements provide a platform to women to discuss the various issues.

e) Make people aware of their rights and expectations.

f) These movements rectify some problems in the functioning as seen as integral part of democratic politics

OR

Social and political composition of Jammu and Kashmir-

a. Jammu and Kashmir comprises of three regions: Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh.

b. The heart of the Kashmir region is Kashmiri valley and the people are Kashmiri and Hindu.

c. Jammu region is a mix of foothills and plains. Hindu, Muslims and Sikhs live there.

d. The Ladakh region is mountainous.

Roots of Kashmiri Issue which compelled the Indian Government to maintain autonomy in this state-

a) Before 1947 Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state under Hindu ruler Hari Singh.

b) He was not in favour of merging Kashmir with India or Pakistan but wanted an independent status.

c) Sheikh Abdullah of the national conference led the popular movement in the state and wanted to get rid of the maharaja but was against joining Pakistan.

d) In Oct 1947 Pakistan sent infiltrators to capture Kashmir.

e) This compelled the Maharaja for the help of Indian military.

f) Indian military supported maharaja but for that he had signed an instrument of accession with the government of India.

g) According to it, the future of Kashmir now on the will of people of J&K.

e) But sheikh Abdullah took over as pm of the state of J&K in March 1948.

I) finally India agreed to maintain the autonomy of J&K.