Q18 of 47 Page 1

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow :

India did not follow any of the two known paths to development. Elements from both these models were taken and mixed together in India. That is why the Indian economy was described as ‘mixed economy’.


(i) Name the two models / paths to development.


(ii) Why was either of the two models not fully accepted by India? Give at least one major reason for each.


(iii) Highlight any two features of India’s mixed economy based on the above said, two models.


OR


Read the following passage and answer the questions given below :


India is not the only country to have experienced the dominance of one party. If we look around the world, we find many other examples of one-party dominance. But there is a crucial difference between these and the Indian experience. In the rest of the cases, the dominance of one party was ensured by compromising democracy. In some countries like China, Cuba and Syria, the constitution permits only a single party to rule the country.


(i) Which political party dominated the political scene of India after independence and how long?


(ii) How did the one-party dominance in India differ from that of China?


(iii) Highlight any two drawbacks of a single party rule.


(i) Capitalism and Communism are the two major paths/ models of development.

(ii) a) Capitalism was not an acceptable model as there was widespread poverty and economic disparity in India. Only a welfare state could narrow the rich-poor divide in the country.


b) Socialism was not an acceptable way to go, as rapid industrialization was a pre-requisite to the restoration of our ruined, colonial-style economy.


(iii) a) There are appropriate government regulation and control in the areas where price-control is seen as necessary for the betterment of citizens.


b) At the same time, there is a massive influx of FDA in technology and automobile industries, which has led to establishments of IT hubs and prompted the rise of the middle class.


OR


(i) The Congress Party, which had led the national movement for Independence, dominated the political scene for over 30 years.


(ii) In India, one party dominance was a result of people’s loyalty towards Congress. On the other hand, China’s one-party dominance exists because it is constitutionally illegal for other parties to function.


(iii) Single party rule has the following drawbacks:


a) There is a lack of choice/alternative with the people, as it does not promote political diversity.


b) There is a lack of accountability to the people, as there is dictatorial air around the system.


More from this chapter

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17

Study the cartoon given above carefully and answer the following questions :

(i) Which part of this cartoon is related to China?


(ii) Assess the strength of China on the basis of the cartoon.


(iii) “China may be the next superpower in the world.” Justify the statement with two arguments.



 17 A

Note : The following questions are for the Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 17 :

17.1 In your opinion, where does China stand as an economic power?


17.2 Assess any two conditions which make the United States of America, a superpower.


17.3 “China may be the next superpower in the world.” Justify the statement with two arguments.


 19

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the question that follows:

It is important to remember that India chose to involve other members of the nonaligned group in this mission of reducing tension. During the Cold War, India repeatedly tried to activate those regional and international organizations, which were not a part of alliances led by the US and the USSR. Nehru reposed great faith in ‘a genuine commonwealth of free and co-operating nations’ that would play a positive role in softening, if not ending, the Cold War’.


(i) Explain the meaning of the Cold War.


(ii) Explain India’s response to then-ongoing Cold War.


(iii) Highlight any two features of India’s policy of Non-alignment.


OR


Read the following passage and answer the following questions :


India has maintained good relations with all the post-communist countries. But the strongest relations are still those between Russia and India. India’s relations with Russia are an important aspect of India’s foreign policy. Indo-Russian relations are embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions. Indian heroes from Raj Kapoor to Amitabh Bachchan are household names in Russia and many post-Soviet countries. One can hear Hindi film songs all over the region, and India is part of the popular memory.


(i) What is meant by the post-communist countries?


(ii) Explain any two factors responsible for strong relations between India and Russia.


(iii) How are India’s relations with Russia an important aspect of India’s foreign policy?


 20

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

All proponents of human security agree that its primary goal is the protection of individuals. However, there are differences in precisely what threats individuals should be protected from. Proponents of the ‘narrow’ concept of human security focus on violent threats to individuals.


(i) Which type of security is the main concern of ‘human security’?


(ii) What would you like to include under the ‘broad’ concept of human security? Explain.


(iii) Identify any four threats from which individuals should be protected.