Differentiate between an ‘Expanding age pyramid’ and a ‘Stable age pyramid’. Substantiate your answer with diagrams.

Name the most commonly used bioreactor in biotechnology labs. Mention the most essential components this bioreactor must have so as to provide the optimum conditions to the culture medium, resulting in production of large volume of desired product.

A child is born with ADA-deficiency.

(a) Suggest and explain a procedure for possible life-long (permanent) cure.

(b) Name any other possible treatment for this disease.

Analyse the effects of ‘Alien species invasion’ on the biodiversity of a given area. Provide two examples.

Mendel crossed a homozygous pea plant having yellow and round seeds with another pea plant bearing green and wrinkled seeds. He found that in some of the F2 population new combination of parental characters were observed. How will you explain the appearance of a new combination of parental characters in F2-offsprings? Support your answer with the help of Punnett square.

OR

Describe S.L. Miller’s experiment. Comment on the observations he made and his contribution towards the origin of life on Earth.