Describe divisions of northern plain based on variations in relief features.

Based on relief features, northern plains can be divided into four:

i. Bhabar: It is region parallel to the Shiwalik range where rivers deposits pebbles. The width of the region is 8 to 16 km. Water streams disappear in this region into permeable sediments which makes it unsuitable for cultivation. Very less vegetation is found in this region.

ii. Terai: It is a region south of bhabar region and runs parallel to it. The width of the region is 20 to 30 km. Water streams re-emerge from bhabar in this region and it is suitable for cultivation. Dense vegetation is found in this belt.

iii. Bhangar: It is old alluvial soil deposited several years ago. It consists of calcareous concretions known as Kankar. It is not much suitable for cultivation. A large part of northern plains is made up of Bhangar.

iv. Khadar: It is new alluvial soil which is flooded and deposited every year again. It consists of clay-like soil. It is very fertile and suitable for cultivation. The small part below flood levels is made up of Khadar.