Q18 of 42 Page 1

(a) Differentiate between humoral and cell mediated immune response.

(b) Why is a patient who has undergone organ transplant put on immune-suppressants? Explain.



a)



b) A patient who has undergone organ transplant is put on immune-suppresants so as to prevent T-cells from recognizing the foreign tissue and rejecting it/killing it. This is known as host-graft rejection and needs to be prevented.


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7

Mention the causes of chromosomal disorders in humans. How do these disorders occur?

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Explain with the help of an example each, any two ways by which the animals cope with the stressful conditions lasting for a short period in their habitat.

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(a) What is inbreeding?

(b) Inbreeding of cattle is carried with a purpose, but is not continued for many generations. Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.


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(a) Where is microsporangium located in an angiosperm? State the functions of tapetum and the other three layers of microsporangium.

(b) Describe the structure of the male gametophyte produced as a result of microsporogenesis.


(c) State the functions of each part of the male gametophyte.


OR


When and how do the following get to form in human females? State their functions.


(a) Corpus luteum


(b) Placenta