Q6 of 28 Page 1

Describe Ibn Battuta’s description of Indian system of communication.

OR


Describe Al-Biruni’s description of the caste system in India.


Ibn Battuta was astounded by seeing the efficiency of Indian postal system. With the help of postal system merchants could send information and even dispatch goods in short notice. There were inns and guest house between every trade route. The merchants could also, send credit across long distance. He was astounded by the fact that it takes 50 days to travel from Delhi to Sind, whereas information would reach Sultan in Delhi in just five days through postal system.


OR


Al-Biruni’s description of caste system in India was based on the Sanskrit text laying the rules for governing the system by Brahmans. He saw that the caste system wasn’t unique in India and showed parallels of this system in other societies of the world. Like in the Persian society, there were 4 categories, one of knights and princes, then of priests or lawyers, of astronomers, physician and scientists and last including peasants and artisans.


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Analyse the problems being faced by the archaeologists to reconstruct the religious practices of Harappans.

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Explain the reasons why the British took upon themselves the task of town planning from the early years of their rule in Bengal. Mention any two steps taken by them to clean Calcutta.

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 8

‘‘Art, literature and imageries have helped in keeping alive the memory of 1857.’’ Justify the statement in the context of Indian nationalism.

OR


‘‘In Awadh, the Revolt of 1857 became an expression of popular resistance to an alien order.’’ Justify the statement in the context of taluqdars and peasants.