Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

Buddhism in practice

This is an excerpt from the Sutta Pitaka, and contains the advice given

by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala :

In five ways should a master look after his servants and employees ... by assigning them work according to their strength, by supplying them with food and wages, by tending them in sickness; by sharing delicacies with them and by

granting leave at times ...

In five ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas (those who have renounced the world) and Brahmanas: by affection in act and speech and mind, by keeping open house to them and supplying their worldly needs.

There are similar instructions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents, teacher and wife.

(13.1) How did Buddha give importance to conduct and values ?

(13.2) How can individual effort transform social relations ?

(13.3) Analyse the advice given by Buddha to Sigala for Samanas.

Describe the relationship between the Alvars and Nayanars with the state and society. Also, describe the attitude of Alvars and Nayanars towards caste system.

OR

Describe the growth of Sufism in India from the eleventh century onwards.

‘‘In the early decades after the Permanent Settlement, the zamindars regularly failed to pay the revenue demand.’’ In the light of this statement, examine its causes in detail.

OR

Examine the sources of livelihood of the Paharias (hillfolk) of Rajmahal hills. How did they respond to the coming of Santhals ?

Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

Cash or kind ?

The Ain on land revenue collection :

Let him (the amil-guzar) not make it a practice of taking only in cash but also in kind. The latter is affected in several ways. First, kankut: in the Hindi language kan signifies grain, and kut, estimates ... If any doubts arise, the crops should be cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling, and the inferior, and the hesitation removed. Often, too, the land taken by appraisement, gives a sufficiently accurate return. Secondly, batai, also called bhaoli, the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreement in the presence of the parties. But in this case several intelligent inspectors are required; otherwise, the evil-minded and false are given to deception. Thirdly, khet-batai, when they divide the fields after they are sown. Fourthly, lang batai, after cutting the grain, they form it in heaps and divide it among themselves, and each takes his share home and turns it to profit.

(14.1) Examine the term ‘kankut’.

(14.2) Explain ‘khet-batai’ as the system of collecting revenue.

(14.3) Examine the role of Amil-Guzar.

Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

‘‘There cannot be any divided loyalty’’

Govind Ballabh Pant argued that in order to become loyal citizens people had to stop focusing only on the community and the self :

For the success of democracy one must train himself in the art of self-discipline. In democracies one should care less for himself and more for others. There cannot be any divided loyalty. All loyalties must exclusively be centred round the State. If in a democracy, you create rival loyalties, or you create a system in which any individual or group, instead of suppressing his extravagance, cares nought for larger or other

interests, then democracy is doomed.

(15.1) What are the major attributes of a loyal citizen ?

(15.2) What should the citizens do for the success of democracy ?

(15.3) What will happen to the State or democracy if the citizens have divided loyalties ?

OR

Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :

‘‘I believe separate electorates will be suicidal to the minorities’’

During the debate on 27 August, 1947, Govind Ballabh Pant said :

I believe separate electorates will be suicidal to the minorities and will do them tremendous harm. If they are isolated for ever, they can never convert themselves into a majority and the feeling of frustration will cripple them even from the very beginning. What is it that you desire and what is our ultimate objective ? Do the minorities always want to remain as minorities or do they ever expect to form an integral part of a great nation and as such to guide and control its destinies ? If they do, can they ever achieve that aspiration and that ideal if

they are isolated from the rest of the community ? I think it would be extremely dangerous for them if they were segregated from the rest of the community and kept aloof in an air-tight compartment where they would have to rely on others even for the air they breathe ... The minorities if they are returned by separate electorates can never have any effective voice.

(15.1) Why did some leaders think that there should be separate electorates for minorities ?

(15.2) Why were some nationalists against the demand of separate electorates ?

(15.3) Why did Govind Ballabh Pant consider separate electorates harmful for the minorities ?