Q22 of 51 Page 1

Explain Parasitism and co-evolution with the help of one example of each.

Parasitism is a type of interaction between organisms or populations in which one organism gets harmed while the other is benefited. The one getting harmed is often known as the host.

Example: Cuscuta is an example for plants and Human liver fluke and malarial parasites are examples for animals.


Co-evolution is the relationship between two interacting organisms where both organisms failed to survive in the absence of the other.


Example: The flower Ophrys and Bumblebee and the relationship between the fig tree and the fig wasp.


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How do homologous organs represent divergent evolution? Explain with the help of a suitable example.

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Name two hormones that are constituents of contraceptive pills. Why do they have high and effective contraceptive value? Name a commonly prescribed non-steroidal oral pill.

OR


(a) How are Parthenocarpic fruits produced by some plants and apomictic seeds by some others? Explain.


(b) When do farmers prefer using apomictic seeds?


 24

(a) What is polygenic inheritance? Explain with the help of a suitable example.

(b) How are pleiotropy and Mendelian pattern of inheritance different from polygenic pattern of inheritance?


OR


(a) Name the stage in the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.


(b) Explain the mechanism of DNA replication. Highlight the role of enzymes in the process.


(c) Why is DNA replication said to be semiconservative?