Q21 of 51 Page 1

Name and explain the type of interaction that exists in mycorrhizae and between cattle egret and cattle.

Mycorrhizae is an example of mutualism. Mycorrhizae is an association between fungi and the root of higher plants. Fungus absorbs nutrients from the soil and plant provides food to the fungus.

An interaction between cattle egret and cattle is called commensalism. The cattle move in the grass field and flush out insects on which the egret feed. In this interaction, cattle is neither harmed nor benefitted.


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A. Why must a cell be made ‘competent’ in biotechnology experiments? How does calcium ion help in doing so?

B. State the role of ‘biolistic gun’ in biotechnology experiments.

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Explain enzyme-replacement therapy to treat adenosine deaminase deficiency. Mention two disadvantages of this procedure.

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Differentiate between primary and secondary succession. Provide one example of each.

 23

A large number of married couples the world over are childless. It is shocking to know that in India the female partner is often blamed for the couple is childless.

A. Why in your opinion is the female partner often blamed for such situations in India? Mention any two values that you as a biology student can promote to check this social evil.


B. State any two reasons responsible for the cause of infertility.


C. Suggest a technique that can help the couple to have a child where the problem is with the male partner.