Q18 of 51 Page 1

A. Name the selectable markers in the cloning vector pBR322? Mention the role they play.

B. Why is the coding sequence of an enzyme β-galactosidase a preferred selectable marker in comparison to the ones named above?

A. Ampicillin resistance gene (ampR) and tetR/ tetracycline resistance gene (tetR) are the selectable markers in the cloning vector pBR322. They help in identifying and eliminating non-transformed cells and distinguish recombinant cells from non-recombinant cells.

B. The coding sequence of an enzyme β-galactosidase, a preferred selectable marker because of simpler and easy process. In the presence of chromogenic substrate, recombinants are colourless and non-recombinants are blue in colour.


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A. Write the two limitations of traditional breeding technique that led to the promotion of micropropagation.

B. Mention two advantages of micro propagation.


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B. State the difference in their approach from that of conventional pest control methods.

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B. State the role of ‘biolistic gun’ in biotechnology experiments.

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