Q16 of 46 Page 1

Assess any four consequences of the national emergency imposed in the year 1975 in India.

OR


Evaluate the emergence of Janata Party as people’s alternative to the Congress Party in the elections of 1977.


Four consequences of the national emergency imposed in the year 1975 in India are as follows –


a. It allowed the common Indian citizen to become aware of their civil rights and liberties within the Indian democracy.


b. Prior to its imposition, ‘emergency’ was a very muddled area in the Indian Constitution. Its implementation cleared away the ambiguities and prevented further misuse.


c. It led to the formation of the Janata Party which included all the major opposition parties.


d. It removed the prevalent one-party system from the Indian political scenario.


OR


Emergency saw the complete breakdown of the democratic system in the country. It was a constitutional crisis and saw the complete disruption of civil rights and liberties. It created a political crisis where the majority party violated all constitutional norms. The direct outcome of the emergency was observed when several opposition parties came together to form the Janata Party and stand in opposition to the ruling Congress Party during the 1977 elections. The Janata Party fought in the elections of 1977 by basing their referendum on the unconstitutional nature of the Emergency. This enabled them to emerge as people’s alternative to the Congress Party in the elections of 1977 and they gained victory by a large margin.


More from this chapter

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14

Elaborate upon any four components of traditional notion of security.

OR


Explain any four security challenges facing the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa after the end of the Second World War.


 15

Examine any four arguments against globalisation that have emerged from all over the globe.

 17

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :

The ease with which the succession after Nehru took place proved all the critics wrong. When Nehru passed away, K. Kamraj, the President of the Congress Party consulted party leaders and Congress Members of Parliament and found that there was a consensus in favour of Lal Bahadur Shastri. He was unanimously chosen as the leader of the Congress parliamentary party and thus became the country’s next Prime Minister. Shastri was a non-controversial leader from Uttar Pradesh who had been a Minister in Nehru’s cabinet for many years. Nehru had come to depend a lot on him in his last years. He was known for his simplicity and his commitment to principles.


(i) Which two fears of the critics were proved wrong by the easy succession after Nehru’s demise ?


(ii) Give any one example to prove that Lal Bahadur Shastri was known for his commitment to principles.


(iii) Highlight any two major challenges which India faced during Shastri’s Prime Ministership.


OR


Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :


While Indira Gandhi had been politically active for very long, she had served as a minister under Lal Bahadur Shastri only for a short period. The senior Congress leaders may have supported Indira Gandhi in the belief that her administrative and political inexperience would compel her to be dependent on them for support and guidance. Within a year of becoming Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi had to lead the


party in the Lok Sabha election. Around this time, the economic situation in the country had further deteriorated, adding to her problems. Faced with these difficulties, she set out to gain control over the party and to demonstrate her leadership skills.


(i) Which senior leader of the Congress Party contested for the post of Prime Ministerial candidate along with Indira Gandhi after Shastri’s death in 1966 ?


(ii) Explain any two policy initiatives taken by Indira Gandhi to control the economic condition of the country at this time.


(iii) How did Indira Gandhi assert her leadership skills and consolidate her position within the party after 1967 elections ? Give any two examples.


 18

Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :

If the various governments take steps to check environmental degradation ...., these issues will have political consequences in that sense. Most of them are such that no single government can address them fully, hence they have become a part of ‘world politics’. Issues of environment and natural resources are political in another deeper sense.


(i) Identify any two of the present day environmental concerns.


(ii) In your opinion, which two principles can be adopted to check environmental degradation ?


(iii) Analyse any two ‘political’ consequences of environmental issues.


OR


Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :


A review of the implementation of the agreements at the Earth Summit in Rio was undertaken by India in 1997. One of the key conclusions was that there had been no meaningful progress with respect to transfer of new and additional financial resources and environmentally-sound technology on concessional terms to developing nations. India finds it necessary that developed countries take immediate measures to provide developing countries with financial resources and clean technologies to enable them to meet their existing commitments under UNFCCC.


(i) What is the full form of UNFCCC ?


(ii) Highlight the existing commitments of the developing countries under UNFCCC.


(iii) Why do the developing countries want transfer of financial


resources and eco-friendly technology on concessional terms ?